Adil Munawar

Project Lead at Nexus Orbits Pakistan · SaaS and Web Architect · ML Researcher and Developer

I lead delivery at Nexus Orbits Pakistan, architect SaaS and web platforms end to end, and research machine learning for satellite imagery and applied AI.

Adil Munawar avatar

Adil Munawar

Contribution

GitHub contributions

@AdilMunawar · last 12 months

8,929

Less
More

80 days

Longest streak

326

Best day

292

Active days

LeetCode

Global rank

#12,631

1,335

of 4,068

Easy
315/968
Medium
577/2121
Hard
443/979

1,335

Solved

89.5%

Acceptance

443

Hard solved

Credentials

Badges and learning paths from GitHub, LeetCode, Microsoft, AWS and Google.

GitHub

GitHub Actions
GitHub Actions
GitHub Admin
GitHub Admin
GitHub Advanced Security
GitHub Advanced Security
GitHub Agentic AI Developer
GitHub Agentic AI Developer

LeetCode

Top SQL 50
Top SQL 50
Algorithm Deconstructor
Algorithm Deconstructor
Architecture Builder
Architecture Builder
Data Navigator
Data Navigator
Mathematical Insight
Mathematical Insight
Introduction to Pandas
Introduction to Pandas
100 Days 2025
100 Days 2025
100 Days 2026
100 Days 2026
50 Days 2025
50 Days 2025
50 Days 2026
50 Days 2026

Microsoft & AWS

Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Virtual Machines
Azure Compute Resources
Azure Compute Resources
Lakehouse with Microsoft Fabric
Lakehouse with Microsoft Fabric
MD-102 Endpoint Management
MD-102 Endpoint Management
Entra Identity Protection
Entra Identity Protection
Azure Machine Learning Models
Azure Machine Learning Models
Azure Core Data Concepts
Azure Core Data Concepts
Azure Backup
Azure Backup
DAX Time Intelligence
DAX Time Intelligence
Microsoft 365 Defender
Microsoft 365 Defender
Azure Storage Security
Azure Storage Security
AWS Generative AI Developer
AWS Generative AI Developer

Google

Android Studio User
Android Studio User
Firebase Studio Community
Firebase Studio Community
Gemini CLI User
Gemini CLI User
Google Cloud & NVIDIA Community
Google Cloud & NVIDIA Community
Google Cloud Innovator
Google Cloud Innovator
Google Developer Program Premium
Google Developer Program Premium
Google Generative AI Leader
Google Generative AI Leader
DOM Detective
DOM Detective

Certifications

EU AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMMEEUSPACERTIFICATE OF COMPLETIONEUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PROGRAMME · EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR THE SPACE PThis certificate is awarded toAdil Munawarfor completing the training courseOperationalising EU Space forSecurityEU SPACE PROGRAMMEISSUEDAug 2026CREDENTIAL ID6966612178c62e5fe0048a0fVerifiable with the issuer using the credential ID. Awarded to Adil Munawar.

Operationalising EU Space for Security

EUSPA · Aug 2026

MATLAB Onramp, MathWorks

MATLAB Onramp

MathWorks · Jul 2026

Advanced CloudFormation: Macros, AWS

Advanced CloudFormation: Macros

AWS · Jul 2026

MITPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONCERTIFICATEOF COMPLETIONMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSEThis certifies thatAdil Munawarhas successfully completed the online courseMachine Learning with PythonMIT Professional EducationRECORD OF COMPLETIONISSUEDJul 2026CREDENTIAL ID4b7ac91e0f3d82c56a19fe0332d8a17Verifiable with the issuer using the credential ID. Awarded to Adil Munawar.

Machine Learning with Python

MIT Professional Education · Jul 2026

MITPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONCERTIFICATEOF COMPLETIONMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION · MASSACHUSEThis certifies thatAdil Munawarhas successfully completed the online courseComputational Probability andInferenceMIT Professional EducationRECORD OF COMPLETIONISSUEDJun 2026CREDENTIAL IDe4ecfea7a7014b2483579dd1e7356c23Verifiable with the issuer using the credential ID. Awarded to Adil Munawar.

Computational Probability and Inference

MIT Professional Education · Jun 2026

Web Analytics by Accenture, Accenture / FutureLearn

Web Analytics by Accenture

Accenture / FutureLearn · Apr 2026

Certified Software Engineer, HackerRank

Certified Software Engineer

HackerRank · Apr 2026

Agile Foundations, LinkedIn / PMI

Agile Foundations

LinkedIn / PMI · Apr 2026

SQL and Relational Databases 101, Cognitive Class / IBM Skills Network

SQL and Relational Databases 101

Cognitive Class / IBM Skills Network · Mar 2026

Claude in Amazon Bedrock, Anthropic

Claude in Amazon Bedrock

Anthropic · Mar 2026

GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOSTCertificate of CompletionGOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOUD SKILLS BOOST · GOOGLE CLOAwarded toAdil Munawarfor completing the courseChronicle SOAR DeveloperSecurity · SOARDeveloperISSUEDFeb 2026CREDENTIAL ID22073529Verifiable with the issuer using the credential ID. Awarded to Adil Munawar.

Chronicle SOAR Developer

Google Cloud Skills Boost · Feb 2026

Building Language Models on AWS, AWS

Building Language Models on AWS

AWS · Dec 2025

Google Ads Apps Certification, Google Cloud Skills Boost

Google Ads Apps Certification

Google Cloud Skills Boost · Dec 2025

Azure Cloud Computing, Microsoft

Azure Cloud Computing

Microsoft · May 2025

Application Modernization with Google Cloud, Google

Application Modernization with Google Cloud

Google · Mar 2025

LinkedIn Content and Creative Design, LinkedIn

LinkedIn Content and Creative Design

LinkedIn · Mar 2025

MLOps with Vertex AI, Google

MLOps with Vertex AI

Google · Feb 2025

Machine Learning Operations for Generative AI, Google

Machine Learning Operations for Generative AI

Google · Feb 2025

Advanced Webhook Concepts, Google Cloud

Advanced Webhook Concepts

Google Cloud

Advanced Performance Measurements, Google

Advanced Performance Measurements

Google

CCAI Frontend Integrations, Google Cloud

CCAI Frontend Integrations

Google Cloud

Toolkit

Frontend

  • React
  • Next.js
  • TypeScript
  • JavaScript
  • HTML5
  • CSS3
  • Tailwind
  • Vite
  • Vue.js

Backend & data

  • Node.js
  • Python
  • FastAPI
  • Express
  • SQL
  • PostgreSQL
  • Firebase
  • Supabase
  • Redis

Machine learning

  • PyTorch
  • TensorFlow
  • Keras
  • scikit-learn
  • OpenCV
  • pandas
  • NumPy
  • Anaconda
  • Jupyter

Cloud & tooling

  • AWS
  • Google Cloud
  • Azure
  • Vercel
  • Docker
  • Kubernetes
  • Git
  • GitHub
  • Figma
  • PyTorch
  • HRNet / U-Net
  • Temporal CNN & LSTM
  • scikit-learn
  • XGBoost
  • TensorFlow / Keras
  • ONNX Runtime
  • MLflow
  • Google Earth Engine
  • xarray
  • Python
  • Node.js
  • FastAPI
  • PostgreSQL / PostGIS
  • Supabase
  • Redis
  • pgvector
  • GDAL / Rasterio
  • GeoPandas / Shapely
  • NumPy / pandas
  • TypeScript
  • React
  • Next.js
  • Vite
  • Tailwind CSS
  • HTML & CSS
  • Zod
  • face-api.js
  • jsPDF
  • Framer Motion
  • Docker
  • AWS
  • Azure
  • Vercel
  • GitHub Actions
  • Cron / Airflow
  • RAG pipelines
  • MCP servers
  • LangChain
  • QGIS

What I do

Sentinel-2Satellite tileHRNet · U-NetSegmentation modelGIS polygonsParcel map

Machine learning & remote sensing

Field and crop maps from satellite imagery, delivered as models you can run.

  • Field-boundary and crop-type models (HRNet, U-Net, LSTM)
  • Evaluation report with metrics and failure cases
  • FastAPI inference service, containerised
  • Training code and experiment tracking (MLflow)
StackPyTorchSentinel-2RasterioGDALGeoPandasMLflow

Engagement · Fixed-scope model build or monthly retainer

Your documentspgvectorhybrid · top-kVector indexMCP toolsagentdocsdbapiAgent with tools

RAG & agentic systems

Language-model systems grounded in your own documents and internal APIs.

  • RAG pipeline with hybrid search and inline citations
  • MCP tool server with typed, schema-validated tools
  • Guardrails, evaluation set and cost controls
StackLangChainpgvectorMCPClaude APIGeminiRedis

Engagement · Fixed-scope build or monthly retainer

Next.js web appResponsive on mobileSupabasePostgres

Full-stack products

Web products that put models and maps in front of the people who need them.

  • Next.js and Supabase product, deployed on Vercel
  • Dashboards and internal tools for model outputs
  • Source, tests and hand-over notes
StackNext.jsTypeScriptReactSupabasePostgreSQLVercel

Engagement · Fixed-scope build or ongoing product work

AirflowSchedulerDockerContainersPostGISSpatial databaseMonitoringDashboard

Data & cloud engineering

Pipelines that turn raw imagery and tables into queryable, monitored data.

  • PostGIS pipelines from raw imagery to vector parcels
  • Scheduled inference jobs over areas of interest
  • Run logging, drift checks and monitoring
  • Docker images and CI for repeatable deploys
StackDockerFastAPIPostGISAirflowGDALAzure

Engagement · Fixed-scope pipeline or monthly retainer

How an engagement runs

Scope first, then short increments you can review.

  1. 01

    Discovery call

    A short call on the problem, the data you already have and what a good result looks like.

  2. 02

    Scoped proposal

    A written scope with deliverables, assumptions and the engagement model, before any work starts.

  3. 03

    Build in weekly increments

    Short cycles with something to review at the end of each, so course corrections stay cheap.

  4. 04

    Hand-over with docs

    Source, environment setup, run instructions and a walkthrough so your team owns the result.

Case studies

Kishtwar raster, overlap tilesGeoJSON parcelsHRNet-W484 streams, fused every stageBoundary-aware lossOverlap stitchingWatershedTopology clean
Case study 01

Delineating Terraced Field Boundaries in Kishtwar with HRNet-W48

How we turned high resolution imagery of terraced farmland into a topology-clean parcel layer for Zaraat Dost, using an HRNet-W48 boundary model, overlap-stitched tiled inference, watershed instancing and shared-arc vectorisation.

12 min readRead case study
Masked NDVI per parcelCrop per parcelrabi10-day gridBiGRUattentionpoolingSentinel-2 L2ASCL + U-Net maskSpatial CV by blockPer-parcel layerPostGIS
Case study 02

Crop Type Classification from Sentinel-2 Time Series

Per parcel crop mapping for Zaraat Dost Private Limited: cloud-masked Sentinel-2 index series resampled onto a regular grid, a bidirectional GRU with attention pooling, and scheduled district-wide inference delivered as a PostGIS layer.

13 min readRead case study
Deployment layerEvery row carries a model versionOn demandRequestPOST /inferValidatepydanticScheduledTickcron, AirflowDiscovernew scenesONNX Runtimewarm session2 slots, 4 threadsone per processMLflow aliasproduction: v7Response200, versionPostGISversioned rows, run logONNX parity gateBounded concurrencyIdempotent runsDrift flagged
Case study 03

Serving Remote Sensing Models: On Demand Inference and Scheduled Jobs

The deployment layer behind the farmland models: ONNX export with a parity gate, a FastAPI service with a warm session and bounded concurrency, scheduled jobs that claim work by idempotency key and write versioned rows to PostGIS, and an MLflow promotion flow that rolls back by moving an alias.

12 min readRead case study
QuestionCited answer, or a refusalQuestionDensepgvectorBM25exact termsRRFfuse ranksRerankthen gateAnswer[1][2][1]claims checkedchecking claimsRefusalno hitnot in theknowledge basenearest docsHybrid retrievalReciprocal rank fusionCross-encoderRecall@k + faithfulness
Case study 04

An Enterprise RAG Pipeline That Can Say It Does Not Know

Grounded question answering over a private knowledge base, built so that refusal is a designed outcome: structure aware chunking, hybrid retrieval fused by reciprocal rank, a cross-encoder reranker, verified citations, and an evaluation harness that existed before any prompt was tuned.

11 min readRead case study
EnrolSix digits, thirty second windowsQR scanParseotpauth://totpbase32 to bytesVaultAES-GCMPBKDF2 keyIndexedDBHMACWebCryptono export30 s482 913codeFace gatein front of the viewSecret never leaves the deviceEncrypted at restGate, not a key
Case study 05

AdiNox: Building a TOTP Authenticator with a Biometric Gate

How AdiNox parses otpauth QR codes, generates TOTP codes with WebCrypto, keeps secrets in an AES-GCM vault under a PBKDF2 key, and puts a face-api.js check in front of the code list without pretending a face is a key.

11 min readRead case study
Four sourcesVersioned parcelsGPSScanDrawnHRNetConflateIoU clustersconfidenceReviewP-0412 v2PostGISClient GISEPSG:32643IoU clustersHuman reviewStable IDs
Case study 06

Farm Digitisation and Parcel Mapping at District Scale

Four disagreeing descriptions of the same fields, GPS tracks, scanned cadastral sheets, operator polygons and model boundaries, were georeferenced, conflated with confidence scoring and reviewed by people, then delivered as a versioned parcel layer to the client's GIS and to PostGIS.

11 min readRead case study
AI pipelineParallel workers1,000+ resumes{ }ParserWorker poolx10retryRanked0102030405
Case study 07

AdiGaze: AI Recruitment Engine

AdiGaze turns a batch of mixed-format resumes into structured, ranked candidate records, and it was built to keep finishing the batch when a provider throttles or a file takes minutes to parse.

5 min readRead case study
Agent graphSwarm logicSearchToolAPI429 backoffDatabasePostgresSanitizeMemorypgvectorPlannerStrict JSON
Case study 08

The Agentic Blueprint

A field guide to building AI systems that actually finish work: five patterns (structured cognition, parallel workers, self-healing reflexes, vector memory, and an input immune system) drawn from the recruitment engine, RAG pipeline, and MCP server.

5 min readRead case study
PostgresRealtimeemployeessalariesattendancepool :6543websocketClients
Case study 09

The Supabase Sovereign

How I keep Postgres-backed backends fast and secure on Supabase under serverless load: connection pooling, targeted indexing, edge compute, async webhooks, and Row Level Security, with the tradeoff behind each decision.

5 min readRead case study

Selected work

Input tileHRNet-W48 · four resolutions, fused at every stageField boundaries1/41/81/161/32stage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4stage 1stage 2stage 3stage 4Boundary-aware lossTiled inferenceOverlap stitchingVectorisedGeoJSONAgri-tech & geospatialModel

01 · Featured

Model

HRNet-W48 Field Boundary Delineation, Kishtwar

Zaraat Dost Private Limited · Agri-Tech

Semantic segmentation of agricultural parcel boundaries from high-resolution satellite imagery of the Kishtwar region, using an HRNet-W48 backbone that keeps full-resolution feature maps so thin field edges survive downsampling. Trained with a boundary-aware loss on digitised reference parcels, with tiled and overlap-stitched inference, morphological cleanup and vectorisation of the boundary raster into GIS-ready polygons.

Architecture
HRNet-W48
Task
Field Boundary Segmentation
Framework
PyTorch
Client
Zaraat Dost Private Limited
Private engagementDetails on request
NDVI phenologyPer-parcel outputWheatRiceSugarcane12 monthsJanAprJulOct1D-CNNLSTMper-class confidence3 classesSentinel-2Temporal attentionAgri-tech & geospatialModel

02 · Featured

Model

Crop-Type Classification from Satellite Time Series

Private client · Agri-Tech

Per-parcel crop-type mapping from Sentinel-2 time series, built on cloud-masked NDVI and EVI phenology stacks resampled to a regular temporal grid across the growing season. Compares 1D-CNN, LSTM and temporal-attention classifiers on the sequences, then aggregates pixel predictions to parcel level to produce a crop map with per-class confidence.

Architecture
Temporal CNN / LSTM
Task
Crop-Type Mapping
Framework
PyTorch
Client
Private client
Private engagementDetails on request
IngestGrounded answersChunkerEmbeddingspgvectorQueryhybrid searcheval harness0.91010203top-3 chunksRerankercross-encoderLLMAnswer[1][2][1] policy.pdf[2] handbook.mdLLM & agentsModel

03 · Featured

Model

Enterprise RAG Pipeline

Private client · LLM Systems

Retrieval-augmented question answering over a private company knowledge base: document parsing and structure-aware chunking, embedding ingestion into pgvector, and hybrid dense plus keyword search with a cross-encoder reranker. Answers are grounded with inline citations to source passages, and an evaluation harness tracks retrieval recall and answer faithfulness across releases.

Architecture
Hybrid Retrieval + Reranker
Task
Grounded Q&A
Framework
LangChain
Client
Private client
Private engagementDetails on request
Imagery to vectorHuman-in-the-loop QAMosaicBoundariesPolygonsQA reviewGeoJSONPostGISTopology OKEPSG:4326{ "type": "Feature","geometry": { ... },"srid": 4326 }Agri-tech & geospatialModel
Architecture
Imagery → Vector Pipeline
Task
Farm Digitization
Framework
Python + PostGIS
Client
Private client

Farm Digitization & Parcel Mapping Pipeline

Private client · Geospatial

End-to-end pipeline that turns raw satellite imagery into clean vector farm parcels: preprocessing and mosaicking, model-based boundary extraction, polygonisation, topology fixes and attribute joins. Includes a human-in-the-loop QA workflow for reviewing and correcting parcels, with outputs delivered as GeoJSON and Shapefiles and stored in PostGIS for downstream analytics.

Private engagementDetails on request
Field NDVIFields by indexSentinel-2Baseline bandMarNovAnomaly-0.21Per-field alertsFastAPI dashboardlow to highAgri-tech & geospatialModel
Architecture
Index Time Series + Thresholding
Task
Change Detection
Framework
Python
Client
Private client

NDVI Change Detection & Field Monitoring

Private client · Agri-Tech

Multi-date vegetation-index monitoring over digitised parcels, computing NDVI and related indices per field on each clear Sentinel-2 acquisition and flagging significant deviations from the field's seasonal baseline. Change events and time-series charts are exposed through a lightweight dashboard so agronomists can prioritise field visits.

Private engagementDetails on request
Sentinel-2 scenePredicted mask13 bandsU-NetSkip connectionscloudshadowAgri-tech & geospatialModel
Architecture
U-Net
Task
Cloud / Shadow Segmentation
Framework
PyTorch
Client
Internal R&D

Cloud & Shadow Masking for Sentinel-2

Internal R&D · Geospatial

Pixel-wise cloud and cloud-shadow segmentation for Sentinel-2 scenes, trained on multispectral bands to produce cleaner masks than the standard scene-classification layer for agricultural time-series work. Used as a preprocessing step so that only valid observations enter the phenology stacks that feed the crop classification models.

Private engagementDetails on request
Feature tableBoosted treesSHAP valuesfield × seasonNDVI maxNDVI meanEmergencePeak dateSoil pHRainfall1,240 fieldsΣYield per fieldSHAPimpactndvi_maxrainfallpeak_doysoil_phgrouped CVMachine learningModel
Architecture
Gradient Boosted Trees
Task
Yield Regression
Framework
XGBoost
Client
Private client

Crop Yield Prediction with XGBoost

Private client · Agri-Tech

Gradient-boosted regression model for field-level yield estimation from tabular agronomic records combined with remote-sensing features such as seasonal NDVI statistics and phenology dates. Uses grouped cross-validation by season and region to avoid leakage, with SHAP values used to explain which features drive each prediction.

Private engagementDetails on request
Multispectral patchClass probabilitiesRGBNIRResNet backbone64 ch128 ch256 chFC4-band stemfocal lossImageNet initsoftmaxcropland0.82water0.06urban0.04forest0.08per-class metricsMachine learningModel
Architecture
ResNet (multispectral)
Task
Land-Cover Classification
Framework
PyTorch
Client
Internal R&D

CNN Land-Cover & Crop Classification

Internal R&D · Geospatial

Patch-based convolutional classifier for land-cover and crop classes on multispectral satellite tiles, fine-tuned from an ImageNet-pretrained ResNet with the first convolution adapted to additional bands. Handles severe class imbalance with weighted sampling and focal loss, and reports per-class metrics rather than a single accuracy figure.

Private engagementDetails on request
NDVI sequenceReconstruction erroremergencepeaksenescenceday 0day 240LSTMLSTMLSTMLSTMh(t)Bi-LSTM autoencoderper-fieldMLflowthresholdanomalyirrigation gaptrajectory departs patternMachine learningModel
Architecture
Bi-LSTM Autoencoder
Task
Phenology & Anomaly Detection
Framework
TensorFlow
Client
Private client

LSTM Sequence Models for Phenology & Anomaly Detection

Private client · Agri-Tech

Recurrent models over per-field vegetation-index sequences that learn the expected seasonal curve and identify key phenological stages such as emergence, peak and senescence. A reconstruction-error variant flags irrigation gaps and other anomalies when a field's trajectory departs from its learned pattern.

Private engagementDetails on request

What collaborators say

“Co-founding Nexus Orbits Pakistan with Adil has been a highlight of my career. After years of collaborating on countless projects, I can attest to his exceptional skill and vision as a web developer and partner.”
Zoya AliWeb Developer & Co-founder

Notes

Prefill fills the cache, decode reads it every stepSlots and draftsTheKVcacheisreadeachstepper token: 2 x layers x kv heads x head dim x bytess0s1s2continuous batching: a freed slot is refilleddraft tokens after one verify passthecacheisateverythecacheisateveryaccept, accept, accept, resample, discardKV cachepaged blockscontinuous batchingspeculative decodingfp8 cachedecode is memory bound: bytes moved per token set the latency floorLatest note

12 min readLLM, Inference, GPU

What Actually Makes LLM Inference Fast: KV Cache, Batching and Speculative Decoding

Why decode is bound by memory bandwidth rather than compute, how large the KV cache really gets, what paged attention and continuous batching recover, how speculative decoding speeds up generation without changing the output distribution, and the three numbers to measure before believing any serving benchmark.

Read note
District rasterBlend, buffer, verifycross-fade weights in the overlaprolling buffer, two tiles tallwrittenin buffernext rowgradient on edges vs controledgescontrolOverlapping windowsGaussian weightsTTAWindowed writeSeam detector

Tiled Inference on Large Rasters Without Seams

14 min readSegmentation, Raster, PyTorch

layer 0, every vectorlayer 1layer 2, entry layerqrecall@klatencyefSearchgreedy descentM links per nodeefSearch beamtombstonesfiltered searchrecall rises with efSearch and latency rises with it: measure, then pick the knee

Inside HNSW: How Approximate Nearest Neighbour Search Trades Recall for Latency

12 min readVector Search, HNSW, pgvector

Signed distance around a parcelLoss schedulephi below 0phi above 0loss weights over training(1-alpha) CE + Dicealpha boundary loss0ramp endepochDistance-weighted CEDiceBoundary lossSigned distance mapBoundary F score

Boundary Aware Losses for Thin Structure Segmentation

13 min readDeep Learning, Loss Functions, Segmentation

Peak memory for one training stepWhat moves it24 GB cardfp32 weights, fp32 Adam46 GBbf16 autocast, fp32 master weights29 GBbf16 autocast, checkpointed blocks17 GBautocast bf16GradScaler for fp16checkpoint hot blocksaccumulate N micro batcheschannels_lastfused AdamWmemory snapshotweights + grads + Adam = 16 bytes per paramactivations scale with batch

Where the GPU Memory Goes: Fitting a Large Model on One Card

12 min readPyTorch, GPU, Training

AgentMCP tool serverInternal systemsLLM agentlookup_order(...)create_refund(...)get_job(...)tool_use blocksvalidate schemapermission tiersession budgetidempotency claimaudit rowthen the handlerOrders APIPostgreSQLJobs queuecallresultJSON-RPCZod schemasScoped permissionsAudit trail

Designing MCP Tool Servers an Agent Can Actually Use

13 min readMCP, Agents, TypeScript

select from projects as a member of tenant ARows returnedheap: projectsAacme oneBglobex oneAacme twoBglobex twoAacme threeBglobex threepolicy gateusing ( tenant_id = any( (select app. my_tenant_ids()))$0 = {A}resolved onceB rows: using is falseA rows: using is trueresultAacme oneAacme twoAacme threeUSING per rowWITH CHECK per writeInitPlan, not per row callservice role bypasses

Row Level Security Done Properly: Multi Tenant Isolation in Postgres and Supabase

14 min readPostgreSQL, Supabase, Security

Golden setPipeline under testScoreboardq_014q_015q_016q_017labelled by two peoplehybrid retrievalcross-encoder rerankgenerate with citationsLLM judgesame seed, same krecall@5MRRfaithfulnesscitation precisionpgvectorhybrid + rerankcalibrated judgeCI regression gate

Build the RAG Evaluation Harness Before You Touch the Prompt

11 min readRAG, Evaluation, LLM

BrowserRoute handlerModel providerZenith replystopac.abort()pull()queue of 8OpenRouterstream: truedelta.contentstops on abortno unread tokensdeltaframeabortabortSSE over POSTAbortSignalhighWaterMark: 8Last-Event-ID

Streaming Model Output Without Leaking Resources: SSE, Backpressure and Cancellation

13 min readNext.js, Streaming, TypeScript

DeviceBoth sides computeVerifierAdiNoxExample872921Mail287082face-api.js gateHOTP(K, C)K: shared secretC: floor(t / 30)HMAC-SHA1(K, C)truncate, mod 10^6872921verifywindow: 1 stepconstant time ==lastAccepted: Creplay rejectedK, tcodeRFC 6238HMAC-SHA130 s stepsecrets stay local

How a TOTP Authenticator Really Works: HMAC, Time Windows and the Mistakes That Break Them

12 min readSecurity, Cryptography, TypeScript

Search consoleTriagepage.domain:*.target …domain:*.targetlegacylegacy/admin/adminport:8443port:8443.bak.bak12,400 results38 candidatespassive → confirm → rankWorth a human's time01legacy-api02dev-portal03old-cms04staging38 hostsSubdomainstarget.comapilegacydevcdn

Recon for Juicy Endpoints via URLScan Dorking

5 min readURLScan, Hacking, Pentesting

Public Wi-FiOn-path interceptionPhoneCafé access pointopen · no passwordListenerGET /logincookie=sess…plaintext, readableHTTPS / VPN tunnelencrypted end to endWeb

How Attackers Exploit Public WiFi to Sniff Decrypted Network Packets

5 min readWiFi Security, Hacking, Pentesting

ClientServer authoritygold1,250local stategold +50gold +99,999rejectedrejectedforged packetvalidate · authorise · writeLedgertxdelta+50#4812-120#4813+50#4814+50+99,999#4815append-only · server value wins

Securing In-Game Economies Against Value Tampering

5 min readHacking, Game Security, Reverse Engineering

Start a project

Lahore, Pakistan · Remote worldwide · UTC+5

  • Emailadilmunawarx@gmail.comOpen
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